Snowball sampling BBA Chapter 5

Data Management Report

Authors

Affiliations

Rainer M. Krug

University of Zurich

Tuan Nguyen

Hasselt University

Abstract

A snowball literature using OpenAlex will be conducted and all steps documented. The literature search is for Section 5.1 of Chapter 5 of the IPBES Business and Biodiversity assessment.

Working Title

Literature search for BBA Chapter 5 Section 5.1

Code repo

IPBES_BBA_Ch5_R&R

Version 0.1.0 Build No 92

Read Key-paper

Code

#|

kp <- jsonlite::read_json(params$keypapers)

dois <- sapply(
    kp,
    function(x) {
        x$DOI
    }
) |>
    unlist() |>
    unique() |>
    as.character()

dois <- dois[!is.null(dois)]

Of the 6 keypapers, 6 have a DOI and can be used for the further search.

Searches

Searches are conducted with the OpenAlex API. The API is documented here.

Get key_works

Code

#|

fn <- file.path("data", "key_works.rds")
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    key_works <- oa_fetch(
        entity = "works",
        doi = dois,
        verbose = FALSE
    )
    saveRDS(key_works, fn)
} else {
    key_works <- readRDS(fn)
}

key_works_cit <- IPBES.R::abbreviate_authors(key_works)

Setup OpenAlex usage and do snowball serarch

Code

#|

ids <- openalexR:::shorten_oaid(key_works$id)

fn <- file.path("data", "snowball.rds")
if (file.exists(fn)) {
    snowball <- readRDS(fn)
} else {
    snowball <- oa_snowball(
        identifier = ids,
        verbose = FALSE
    )
    saveRDS(snowball, fn)
}

flat_snow <- snowball2df(snowball) |>
    tibble::as_tibble()

Supplemented edges between all papers

Code

#|

fn <- file.path("data", "snowball_supplemented.rds")
if (file.exists(fn)) {
    snowball_supplemented <- readRDS(fn)
} else {
    new_edges <- tibble(
        from = character(0),
        to = character(0)
    )

    works <- snowball$nodes$id

    for (i in 1:nrow(snowball$nodes)) {
        from <- works[[i]]
        to <- gsub("https://openalex.org/", "", snowball$nodes$referenced_works[[i]])
        to_in_works <- to[to %in% works]
        if (length(to_in_works) > 0) {
            new_edges <- add_row(
                new_edges,
                tibble(
                    from = from,
                    to = to_in_works
                )
            )
        }
    }

    snowball_supplemented <- snowball
    snowball_supplemented$edges <- add_row(snowball_supplemented$edges, new_edges) |>
        distinct()

    saveRDS(snowball_supplemented, fn)
}

Results

Number of papers cited by keypapers

Code

snowball$edges |>
    filter(from %in% names(key_works_cit)) |>
    unique() |>
    mutate(
        cit = unlist(key_works_cit[from])
    ) |>
    select(cit) |>
    table() |>
    as.data.frame() |>
    arrange(desc(Freq)) |>
    knitr::kable(
        col.names = c("Key paper", "Number of papers"),
        caption = "Number of papers cited by Keypapers in the snowball search"
    )

Number of papers cited by Keypapers in the snowball search

Key paper	Number of papers
Grabs et al. (2021)	84
Mandal (2024)	45
Goldman et al. (2020)	19
Burg & Bogaardt (2014)	18
Panwar (2023)	17
Smith et al. (2019)	11

Code

snowball$edges |>
    filter(to %in% names(key_works_cit)) |>
    unique() |>
    mutate(
        cit = unlist(key_works_cit[to]),
    ) |>
    select(cit) |>
    table() |>
    as.data.frame() |>
    arrange(desc(Freq)) |>
    knitr::kable(
        col.names = c("Key paper", "Number of papers"),
        caption = "No of papers citing the Keypapers in the snowball search"
    )

No of papers citing the Keypapers in the snowball search

Key paper	Number of papers
Smith et al. (2019)	36
Grabs et al. (2021)	29
Goldman et al. (2020)	13
Burg & Bogaardt (2014)	11
Panwar (2023)	3

Export snowball as Excel file

Code

#|

fn <- file.path(".", "data", "snowball_excel.xlsx")
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    IPBES.R::to_xlsx(snowball, fn)
}

To download the Excsl file with all references, plese click here.

The column are: (the Concept columns are not that relevant at the moment)

• id: internal id fromOpenAlex
• author: authors of the paper
• publication_year: publication year
• title: title of the paper
• doi: doi of the paper
• no_referenced_works: number of references in the paper which are also in OpenAlex
• cited_global: Number of times the paper has been cited
• cited_global_per_year: standardised number of times cirted (cited_global / number of years published)
• no_connections: number of connections in the rgaph, i.e. either cited or citing a paper in the snowball corpus
• concepts_l0: Concept 0. level assigned by OpenAlex
• concepts_l1: Concept 1. level assigned by OpenAlex
• concepts_l2: Concept 2. level assigned by OpenAlex
• concepts_l3: Concept 3. level assigned by OpenAlex
• concepts_l4: Concept 4. level assigned by OpenAlex
• concepts_l5: Concept 5. level assigned by OpenAlex
• author_institute: Institute of the authors
• institute_country: Country of the institute
• abstract: the abstract of the paper

Static Citation Network Graph

Snowball Search

Code

#|

name <- "snowball"
if (
    any(
        !file.exists(
            c(
                file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count.png")),
                file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count.pdf")),
                file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count_by_year.png")),
                file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count_by_year.pdf"))
            )
        )
    )
) {
    snowball_p <- snowball

    for  (i in seq_along(key_works_cit)) {
        snowball_p$nodes$id[snowball_p$nodes$id %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
        snowball_p$edges$from[snowball_p$edges$from %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
        snowball_p$edges$to[snowball_p$edges$to %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
    }

    IPBES.R::plot_snowball(snowball_p, name = name, path = "figures")
    rm(snowball_p)
}

Cited by count

To download the highres graph, please click here.

Supplemented Snowball Search

Code

name <- "snowball_supplemented"
if (
    any(
        !file.exists(
            c(
                file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count.png")),
                file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count.pdf")),
                file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count_by_year.png")),
                file.path("figures", paste0(name, "_cited_by_count_by_year.pdf"))
            )
        )
    )
) {
    snowball_supplemented$nodes$cited_by_count_by_year <- snowball_supplemented$nodes$cited_by_count / (2024 - snowball_supplemented$nodes$publication_year)

    snowball_p <- snowball_supplemented

    for  (i in seq_along(key_works_cit)) {
        snowball_p$nodes$id[snowball_p$nodes$id %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
        snowball_p$edges$from[snowball_p$edges$from %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
        snowball_p$edges$to[snowball_p$edges$to %in% key_works_cit[[i]]["id"]] <- key_works_cit[[i]]["cit"]
    }

    IPBES.R::plot_snowball(snowball_p, name = name, path = "figures")
    rm(snowball_p)
}

Supplemented Cited by count

To download the highres graph, please click here.

Interactive Citation Network Graph

The following interactions are possible:

• moving your mouse over a node, the title author and year of the paper is shown.
• clicking on a node will open the paper in a new tab.
• scrolling up and down with your scroll wheel zooms in and out
• clicking on the canvas and move the mouse will move the network
• clicking on a node and dragging it moves the node

Snowball Search

Code

#|

fn <- file.path("figures", "snowball_cited_by_count_by_year.html")
# if (file.exists(fn)) {
#     htmltools::includeHTML(fn)
# } else {
IPBES.R::plot_snowball_interactive(
    snowball = snowball,
    key_works = key_works,
    file = fn
)

Code

# }

To open the interactive graph in a standalone window click here.

Supplemented Snowball Search

Code

# fn <- file.path("figures", "snowball_supplemented_cited_by_count.html")
# if (file.exists(fn)) {
#     htmltools::includeHTML(fn)
# } else {
IPBES.R::plot_snowball_interactive(
    snowball = snowball_supplemented,
    key_works = key_works,
    file = fn
)

Code

# }

To open the interactive graph in a standalone window click here.

Identification of references with more than one edge

This is the number of connections (connection_count)of the paper (id)

Code

#|

mult_edge <- flat_snow |>
    select(id, connection_count) |>
    filter(connection_count > 1) |>
    arrange(desc(connection_count))

links <- flat_snow |>
    filter(id %in% mult_edge$id)

links |>
    select(id, display_name, publication_year, doi, connection_count) |>
    arrange(desc(connection_count)) |>
    knitr::kable()

id	display_name	publication_year	doi	connection_count
W3198878093	Designing effective and equitable zero-deforestation supply chain policies	2021	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102357	113
W2993436936	Biodiversity means business: Reframing global biodiversity goals for the private sector	2019	https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12690	47
W4391099958	Business Involvements in Promotion of Sustainable Marketing	2024	https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1339-8.ch006	45
W3101051454	Estimating the Role of Seven Commodities in Agriculture-Linked Deforestation: Oil Palm, Soy, Cattle, Wood Fiber, Cocoa, Coffee, and Rubber	2020	https://doi.org/10.46830/writn.na.00001	32
W2094501816	Business and biodiversity: A frame analysis	2014	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.04.005	29
W4324378699	Business and biodiversity: achieving the 2050 vision for biodiversity conservation through transformative business practices	2023	https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-023-02575-1	20
W2079492497	Biodiversity loss as material risk: Tracking the changing meanings and materialities of biodiversity conservation	2013	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.04.002	2
W2890263737	Classifying drivers of global forest loss	2018	https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau3445	2
W2900460206	Corporate reporting and conservation realities: Understanding differences in what businesses say and do regarding biodiversity	2018	https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1839	2
W2921450810	Deforestation displaced: trade in forest-risk commodities and the prospects for a global forest transition	2019	https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab0d41	2
W3113465337	Rethinking zero deforestation beyond 2020 to more equitably and effectively conserve tropical forests	2020	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.11.007	2
W3216766475	Addressing indirect sourcing in zero deforestation commodity supply chains	2022	https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn3132	2
W4306708181	Rubber needs to be included in deforestation-free commodity legislation	2022	https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.10.14.510134	2
W4378087483	Exploring the prioritisation of biodiversity amongst small‐ to medium‐sized enterprise leaders with strong bigger‐than‐self value orientation	2023	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3440	2
W4387397656	Is biodiversity disclosure emerging as a key topic on the agenda of institutional investors?	2023	https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3587	2

Identification of Concepts

OpenAlex assigns all works concepts. The concepts are in hirarchical order, ranging from 0 to 3. The higher the number, the more specific the concept. The concepts are assigned to the paper (id)

Level 0

Code

#|

level <- 0
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
            x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level]
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()

l0_concept	count
Business	216
Biology	204
Economics	185
Political science	146
Geography	129
Computer science	126
Environmental science	66
Sociology	58
Philosophy	52
Engineering	32
Psychology	28
Medicine	24
Mathematics	19
Physics	19
Chemistry	10
History	7
Materials science	3
Art	2
Geology	1

Level 1

Code

#|

level <- 1
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
            x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level]
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()

l1_concept	count
Ecology	195
Law	116
Environmental resource management	100
Natural resource economics	78
Finance	75
Marketing	75
Programming language	71
Archaeology	69
Agroforestry	47
Public relations	47
Management	46
Environmental planning	44
Economic growth	37
Macroeconomics	29
Social science	29
Microeconomics	25
Public economics	25
Agricultural economics	24
Epistemology	24
Linguistics	23
Forestry	22
Machine learning	17
Industrial organization	16
Quantum mechanics	16
Accounting	15
Paleontology	14
Artificial intelligence	13
Environmental ethics	13
Knowledge management	13
Social psychology	13
Cartography	12
Environmental economics	12
Environmental protection	12
Market economy	12
Mechanical engineering	12
Operating system	12
Process management	12
Pedagogy	10
Statistics	9
Economic system	8
Remote sensing	8
Computer security	7
International trade	7
Pathology	7
Demography	6
Nursing	6
Pure mathematics	6
Advertising	5
Biochemistry	5
Computer network	5
Management science	5
Physical geography	5
World Wide Web	5
Aerospace engineering	4
Agricultural science	4
Anthropology	4
Data science	4
Development economics	4
Economic geography	4
Economy	4
Evolutionary biology	4
Mathematical analysis	4
Telecommunications	4
Civil engineering	3
Database	3
Environmental health	3
Family medicine	3
Law and economics	3
Neuroscience	3
Organic chemistry	3
Psychiatry	3
Psychoanalysis	3
Public administration	3
Chromatography	2
Commerce	2
Communication	2
Composite material	2
Fishery	2
Geometry	2
Information retrieval	2
Internal medicine	2
International economics	2
Political economy	2
Psychotherapist	2
Radiology	2
Risk analysis (engineering)	2
Actuarial science	1
Aesthetics	1
Agricultural engineering	1
Agronomy	1
Algorithm	1
Ancient history	1
Anesthesia	1
Biotechnology	1
Business administration	1
Chemical engineering	1
Criminology	1
Crystallography	1
Data mining	1
Developmental psychology	1
Econometrics	1
Electrical engineering	1
Endocrinology	1
Engineering management	1
Environmental engineering	1
Food science	1
Forensic engineering	1
Gastroenterology	1
Gender studies	1
Geodesy	1
Geotechnical engineering	1
Gerontology	1
Internet privacy	1
Keynesian economics	1
Mathematical physics	1
Media studies	1
Medical emergency	1
Metallurgy	1
Meteorology	1
Nanotechnology	1
Oceanography	1
Operations management	1
Operations research	1
Optics	1
Pharmacology	1
Physical medicine and rehabilitation	1
Pulp and paper industry	1
Real-time computing	1
Software engineering	1
Surgery	1
Theology	1
Thermodynamics	1
Urology	1
Visual arts	1
Waste management	1

Level 2

Code

#|

level <- 2
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
            x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level]
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()

l2_concept	count
Sustainability	92
Biodiversity	68
Deforestation (computer science)	62
Corporate governance	43
Agriculture	41
Ecosystem	41
Politics	36
Context (archaeology)	30
Supply chain	29
Certification	27
Amazon rainforest	24
Production (economics)	23
Sustainable development	23
Land use	22
Commodity	21
Stakeholder	21
Corporate social responsibility	18
Equity (law)	18
Incentive	17
Climate change	15
Palm oil	14
Scale (ratio)	12
Work (physics)	11
Private sector	10
Action (physics)	9
Consumption (sociology)	9
Government (linguistics)	9
Poverty	9
Process (computing)	9
Transparency (behavior)	9
Value (mathematics)	9
Accountability	8
Diversity (politics)	8
Indigenous	8
Payment	8
Population	8
Stakeholder engagement	8
Transformative learning	8
Enforcement	7
Habitat	7
Logging	7
Productivity	7
Clearing	6
Greenhouse gas	6
Leverage (statistics)	6
Reputation	6
Service (business)	6
Structural equation modeling	6
Tropics	6
Forest cover	5
Framing (construction)	5
Organizational culture	5
Additionality	4
Cognitive reframing	4
Content analysis	4
Control (management)	4
Credibility	4
Disease	4
Globalization	4
Legislation	4
Loyalty	4
Marketing strategy	4
MEDLINE	4
Natural resource	4
Pharmacy	4
Rainforest	4
Satellite imagery	4
Set (abstract data type)	4
Strategic planning	4
Typology	4
Agency (philosophy)	3
Baseline (sea)	3
Best practice	3
Business model	3
China	3
CLARITY	3
Competition (biology)	3
Conceptualization	3
Confusion	3
Convention	3
Counterfactual thinking	3
Developing country	3
Discourse analysis	3
Empirical research	3
Environmental degradation	3
Externality	3
Extinction (optical mineralogy)	3
Field (mathematics)	3
Forest management	3
Frontier	3
Function (biology)	3
Health care	3
Indonesian	3
Livestock	3
Marketing management	3
Marketing mix	3
Marketing research	3
Negotiation	3
Palm	3
Perception	3
Pledge	3
Procurement	3
Psychological intervention	3
Qualitative research	3
Revenue	3
Scope (computer science)	3
Social responsibility	3
Terminology	3
Variety (cybernetics)	3
Vegetation (pathology)	3
Action plan	2
Affect (linguistics)	2
Asset (computer security)	2
Brand management	2
Bridging (networking)	2
Business case	2
Business ethics	2
Categorization	2
Citizen journalism	2
Comparative advantage	2
Competitive advantage	2
Compliance (psychology)	2
Conceptual framework	2
Conceptual model	2
Conflation	2
Cost sharing	2
Creativity	2
Customer satisfaction	2
Digital marketing	2
Dimension (graph theory)	2
Distribution (mathematics)	2
Due diligence	2
Economic Justice	2
Empirical evidence	2
European union	2
Frame (networking)	2
Gene	2
German	2
Green marketing	2
Harm	2
Humanity	2
Institutional theory	2
Institutionalisation	2
Intermediary	2
Interoperability	2
IUCN Red List	2
Leakage (economics)	2
Natural (archaeology)	2
Natural rubber	2
Nature Conservation	2
Normative	2
Old-growth forest	2
Operationalization	2
Peat	2
Perspective (graphical)	2
Product (mathematics)	2
Profit (economics)	2
Public health	2
Purchasing	2
Quality (philosophy)	2
Ranking (information retrieval)	2
Realm	2
Reflexivity	2
Resource (disambiguation)	2
Rhetorical question	2
Sample (material)	2
Satellite	2
Scholarship	2
Secondary forest	2
Social equality	2
Social marketing	2
Social media	2
Spatial distribution	2
Special education	2
Spillover effect	2
Tourism	2
Traceability	2
Urbanization	2
Valuation (finance)	2
Weighting	2
Abundance (ecology)	1
Activity-based costing	1
Adaptability	1
Adversary	1
Aerospace	1
African elephant	1
Animal ecology	1
Anthropocene	1
Atrial fibrillation	1
Attraction	1
Audience measurement	1
Automotive industry	1
Battle	1
Beef cattle	1
Biofuel	1
Biosphere	1
Boom	1
Boundary (topology)	1
Brand awareness	1
Brand equity	1
Brand loyalty	1
Business ecosystem	1
Causality (physics)	1
Cellulose	1
Christian ministry	1
Clearance	1
Clothing	1
Collective responsibility	1
Commit	1
Commons	1
Community-based conservation	1
Community engagement	1
Competitor analysis	1
Conservation biology	1
Construct (python library)	1
Consumer behaviour	1
Consumer research	1
Cost–benefit analysis	1
Cost database	1
Cost driver	1
Cost effectiveness	1
Craft	1
Credence	1
Criticism	1
Crop	1
Crystal structure	1
Data set	1
De facto	1
Diabetes mellitus	1
Discontinuation	1
Disengagement theory	1
Distributive property	1
Disturbance (geology)	1
Diversification (marketing strategy)	1
Dividend	1
Documentation	1
Drug prices	1
Earth (classical element)	1
Econometric analysis	1
Economic cost	1
Economic evaluation	1
Economic rent	1
Economies of agglomeration	1
Embeddedness	1
Emerging markets	1
Energy (signal processing)	1
Energy sector	1
Enterprise value	1
Enthusiasm	1
Environmental policy	1
Environmental pollution	1
Environmentally friendly	1
Equal opportunity	1
Essentialism	1
Ethos	1
Ex-ante	1
Extant taxon	1
Face (sociological concept)	1
Fair trade	1
Fire retardant	1
Fishing	1
Flexibility (engineering)	1
Flourishing	1
Focus (optics)	1
Food marketing	1
Footprint	1
Formulary	1
Futures contract	1
General partnership	1
Genetic resources	1
Geographic coordinate system	1
Geospatial analysis	1
Grazing	1
Hierarchy	1
Image (mathematics)	1
Image resolution	1
Impossibility	1
Inclusion (mineral)	1
Index (typography)	1
Inequality	1
Information asymmetry	1
Informatization	1
Innovation diffusion	1
Interdependence	1
Intertextuality	1
Intervention (counseling)	1
Invasive species	1
Key (lock)	1
Latin Americans	1
Latitude	1
Legislature	1
Lexicon	1
License	1
Lifelong learning	1
Limiting	1
Local community	1
Logistic regression	1
Macromarketing	1
Mainstream	1
Mandate	1
Market research	1
Mass media	1
Maturity (psychological)	1
Meaning (existential)	1
Medical prescription	1
Metadata	1
Metaphor	1
Metric (unit)	1
Metropolitan area	1
Mindset	1
Mission statement	1
Monopoly	1
Movement (music)	1
Multidisciplinary approach	1
Multiple-criteria decision analysis	1
Mythology	1
Narrative	1
New product development	1
News media	1
Newspaper	1
Norm (philosophy)	1
Normalization (sociology)	1
Offset (computer science)	1
Omnipresence	1
Opportunity cost	1
Order (exchange)	1
Organizational analysis	1
Path analysis (statistics)	1
Persistence (discontinuity)	1
Personality	1
Persuasion	1
Philosophy of science	1
Plan (archaeology)	1
Policy mix	1
Pollen	1
Polypharmacy	1
Popularity	1
Portfolio	1
Position (finance)	1
Power (physics)	1
Pragmatism	1
Premise	1
Prior authorization	1
Private equity	1
Profitability index	1
Property (philosophy)	1
Property rights	1
Protected area	1
Provisioning	1
Psychological resilience	1
Public good	1
Public policy	1
Public sector	1
Pulpwood	1
Questionnaire	1
Range (aeronautics)	1
Rationality	1
Raw material	1
Reading (process)	1
Reforestation	1
Regression discontinuity design	1
Relativism	1
Relevance (law)	1
Resilience (materials science)	1
Responsible Research and Innovation	1
Restoration ecology	1
Restructuring	1
Retrospective cohort study	1
Rhetoric	1
Safeguarding	1
Scrutiny	1
Shrub	1
Situated	1
Situational ethics	1
Small and medium-sized enterprises	1
Social capital	1
Social innovation	1
Social learning	1
Solipsism	1
Sophistication	1
sort	1
Sowing	1
Space (punctuation)	1
Species richness	1
State (computer science)	1
Status quo	1
Strategic management	1
Strengths and weaknesses	1
Subtropics	1
Sugar	1
Summit	1
Swamp	1
Taiga	1
Textile industry	1
Theme (computing)	1
Tipping point (physics)	1
Tobacco industry	1
Tracking (education)	1
Tragedy (event)	1
Training (meteorology)	1
Transaction cost	1
Unintended consequences	1
Upstream (networking)	1
Viewpoints	1
Vital signs	1
Vocabulary	1
Voluntary disclosure	1
Warrant	1
Wilderness	1
Wildlife	1
Willingness to pay	1
Window of opportunity	1
Woodland	1
Yield (engineering)	1

Level 3

Code

#|

level <- 3
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
            x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level]
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()

l3_concept	count
Ecosystem services	33
Biodiversity conservation	20
Convention on Biological Diversity	17
Livelihood	16
Land use, land-use change and forestry	8
Civil society	6
Corporate sustainability	6
Sustainability organizations	6
Biome	5
Originality	5
Social sustainability	5
Certified wood	4
Commodity chain	4
Environmental governance	4
Forest ecology	4
Investment (military)	4
Land degradation	4
Supply chain management	4
Threatened species	4
Carbon stock	3
Conference of the parties	3
Conservation psychology	3
Democracy	3
Global value chain	3
Ideology	3
Infectious disease (medical specialty)	3
Intergenerational equity	3
Legitimacy	3
Service quality	3
Stewardship (theology)	3
Systematic review	3
Theory of planned behavior	3
Carbon footprint	2
Civil discourse	2
Dominance (genetics)	2
Ecological footprint	2
Ecological modernization	2
Elaeis guineensis	2
Environmental Sustainability Index	2
Equity theory	2
Food security	2
Frame analysis	2
Global biodiversity	2
Global governance	2
Global warming	2
Greenwashing	2
Hectare	2
Illegal logging	2
Land cover	2
Mainstreaming	2
Overconsumption	2
Planetary boundaries	2
Return on marketing investment	2
Subsistence agriculture	2
Sustainability reporting	2
Sustainable consumption	2
Triple bottom line	2
Agrarian reform	1
Agrarian society	1
Agricultural biodiversity	1
Agricultural land	1
Agricultural productivity	1
Agroecology	1
Amazonian	1
Bacterial cellulose	1
Bureaucracy	1
Business analysis	1
Business marketing	1
Bust	1
Capitalism	1
Census	1
Climate change mitigation	1
Climate policy	1
Coase theorem	1
Collective action	1
Conservation Plan	1
Contextual image classification	1
Corporate branding	1
Corporate communication	1
Cost leadership	1
Credence good	1
Cropping	1
Deliberation	1
Deprescribing	1
Direct Payments	1
Disinvestment	1
Distributive justice	1
Earth Summit	1
Ecological economics	1
Ecological network	1
Ecosystem management	1
Egalitarianism	1
Emissions trading	1
Endangered species	1
Environmental change	1
Environmental politics	1
Environmentalism	1
Equity capital markets	1
Event study	1
Fatty liver	1
Food web	1
Forest inventory	1
Framing effect	1
Global change	1
Global public good	1
Health promotion	1
Institutional investor	1
Integrated reporting	1
Isomorphism (crystallography)	1
Land management	1
Land reform	1
Life-cycle assessment	1
Longitude	1
Marine biodiversity	1
Marine protected area	1
Market access	1
Michel foucault	1
Monopolistic competition	1
Nanocellulose	1
Natural resource management	1
Net profit	1
New business development	1
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index	1
Odds	1
Opposition (politics)	1
Per capita	1
Pharmacist	1
Pollination	1
Poverty reduction	1
Price premium	1
Private equity fund	1
Promotion (chess)	1
Public discourse	1
Public opinion	1
Rhetorical criticism	1
Service innovation	1
Shareholder	1
Shifting cultivation	1
Socioeconomic status	1
Solidarity	1
Stakeholder theory	1
Strategic financial management	1
Sustainable agriculture	1
Sustainable business	1
Sustainable forest management	1
Tourism geography	1
Tragedy of the commons	1
Tropical rainforest	1
Type 2 diabetes	1
Urban expansion	1
Urban sustainability	1
Utilization management	1
Value chain	1
Vegetation classification	1
Vegetation type	1
Veto	1
Warfarin	1

Level 4

Code

#|

level <- 4
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
            x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level]
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()

l4_concept	count
Measurement of biodiversity	14
Payment for ecosystem services	4
Sustainability science	4
Forest degradation	3
Loyalty business model	3
Natural capital	3
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation	3
Carbon leakage	2
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)	2
Critical discourse analysis	2
Customer retention	2
Ecosystem health	2
Forest restoration	2
Customer advocacy	1
Deliberative democracy	1
Democratic deficit	1
Democratic legitimacy	1
Food policy	1
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease	1
Pollinator	1
Service management	1
Solidarity economy	1
Strategic sourcing	1

Level 5

Code

#|

level <- 5
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
            x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level]
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()

l5_concept	count
Pandemic	2
Customer delight	1
Customer equity	1
Supply chain risk management	1

Bibliographic

Reuse

Citation

BibTeX citation:

@report{krug,
  author = {Krug, Rainer M. and Nguyen, Tuan},
  title = {Snowball Sampling {BBA} {Chapter} 5},
  date = {},
  doi = {99.99.99999999},
  langid = {en},
  abstract = {A snowball literature using
    {[}OpenAlex{]}(https://openalex.org/) will be conducted and all
    steps documented. The literature search is for Section 5.1 of
    Chapter 5 of the IPBES Business and Biodiversity assessment.}
}

For attribution, please cite this work as:

Krug, Rainer M., and Tuan Nguyen. n.d. “Snowball Sampling BBA Chapter 5.” IPBES Data Management Report. https://doi.org/99.99.99999999.