Snowball sampling BBA Chapter 5

Data Management Report

Authors
Affiliations

Rainer M. Krug

Tuan Nguyen

Published

January 28, 2024

Doi
Abstract

A snowball literature using OpenAlex will be conducted and all steps documented. The literature search is for Section 5.1 of Chapter 5 of the IPBES Business and Biodiversity assessment.

DOI GitHub release GitHub commits since latest release License: CC BY 4.0

Working Title

Literature search for BBA Chapter 5 Section 5.1

Code repo

IPBES_BBA_Ch5_R&R

Version 0.1.0 Build No 92

Read Key-paper

Code
#|

kp <- jsonlite::read_json(params$keypapers)

dois <- sapply(
    kp,
    function(x) {
        x$DOI
    }
) |>
    unlist() |>
    unique() |>
    as.character()

dois <- dois[!is.null(dois)]

Of the 6 keypapers, 6 have a DOI and can be used for the further search.

Searches

Searches are conducted with the OpenAlex API. The API is documented here.

Get key_works

Code
#|

fn <- file.path("data", "key_works.rds")
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    key_works <- oa_fetch(
        entity = "works",
        doi = dois,
        verbose = FALSE
    )
    saveRDS(key_works, fn)
} else {
    key_works <- readRDS(fn)
}

key_works_cit <- IPBES.R::abbreviate_authors(key_works)

Setup OpenAlex usage and do snowball serarch

Code
#|

ids <- openalexR:::shorten_oaid(key_works$id)

fn <- file.path("data", "snowball.rds")
if (file.exists(fn)) {
    snowball <- readRDS(fn)
} else {
    snowball <- oa_snowball(
        identifier = ids,
        verbose = FALSE
    )
    saveRDS(snowball, fn)
}

flat_snow <- snowball2df(snowball) |>
    tibble::as_tibble()

Supplemented edges between all papers

Code
#|

fn <- file.path("data", "snowball_supplemented.rds")
if (file.exists(fn)) {
    snowball_supplemented <- readRDS(fn)
} else {
    new_edges <- tibble(
        from = character(0),
        to = character(0)
    )

    works <- snowball$nodes$id

    for (i in 1:nrow(snowball$nodes)) {
        from <- works[[i]]
        to <- gsub("https://openalex.org/", "", snowball$nodes$referenced_works[[i]])
        to_in_works <- to[to %in% works]
        if (length(to_in_works) > 0) {
            new_edges <- add_row(
                new_edges,
                tibble(
                    from = from,
                    to = to_in_works
                )
            )
        }
    }

    snowball_supplemented <- snowball
    snowball_supplemented$edges <- add_row(snowball_supplemented$edges, new_edges) |>
        distinct()

    saveRDS(snowball_supplemented, fn)
}

Results

Number of papers cited by keypapers

Code
snowball$edges |>
    filter(from %in% names(key_works_cit)) |>
    unique() |>
    mutate(
        cit = unlist(key_works_cit[from])
    ) |>
    select(cit) |>
    table() |>
    as.data.frame() |>
    arrange(desc(Freq)) |>
    knitr::kable(
        col.names = c("Key paper", "Number of papers"),
        caption = "Number of papers cited by Keypapers in the snowball search"
    )
Number of papers cited by Keypapers in the snowball search
Key paper Number of papers
Grabs et al. (2021) 84
Mandal (2024) 45
Goldman et al. (2020) 19
Burg & Bogaardt (2014) 18
Panwar (2023) 17
Smith et al. (2019) 11
Code
snowball$edges |>
    filter(to %in% names(key_works_cit)) |>
    unique() |>
    mutate(
        cit = unlist(key_works_cit[to]),
    ) |>
    select(cit) |>
    table() |>
    as.data.frame() |>
    arrange(desc(Freq)) |>
    knitr::kable(
        col.names = c("Key paper", "Number of papers"),
        caption = "No of papers citing the Keypapers in the snowball search"
    )
No of papers citing the Keypapers in the snowball search
Key paper Number of papers
Smith et al. (2019) 36
Grabs et al. (2021) 29
Goldman et al. (2020) 13
Burg & Bogaardt (2014) 11
Panwar (2023) 3

Export snowball as Excel file

Code
#|

fn <- file.path(".", "data", "snowball_excel.xlsx")
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    IPBES.R::to_xlsx(snowball, fn)
}

To download the Excsl file with all references, plese click here.

The column are: (the Concept columns are not that relevant at the moment)

  • id: internal id fromOpenAlex
  • author: authors of the paper
  • publication_year: publication year
  • title: title of the paper
  • doi: doi of the paper
  • no_referenced_works: number of references in the paper which are also in OpenAlex
  • cited_global: Number of times the paper has been cited
  • cited_global_per_year: standardised number of times cirted (cited_global / number of years published)
  • no_connections: number of connections in the rgaph, i.e. either cited or citing a paper in the snowball corpus
  • concepts_l0: Concept 0. level assigned by OpenAlex
  • concepts_l1: Concept 1. level assigned by OpenAlex
  • concepts_l2: Concept 2. level assigned by OpenAlex
  • concepts_l3: Concept 3. level assigned by OpenAlex
  • concepts_l4: Concept 4. level assigned by OpenAlex
  • concepts_l5: Concept 5. level assigned by OpenAlex
  • author_institute: Institute of the authors
  • institute_country: Country of the institute
  • abstract: the abstract of the paper

Static Citation Network Graph

Interactive Citation Network Graph

The following interactions are possible:

  • moving your mouse over a node, the title author and year of the paper is shown.
  • clicking on a node will open the paper in a new tab.
  • scrolling up and down with your scroll wheel zooms in and out
  • clicking on the canvas and move the mouse will move the network
  • clicking on a node and dragging it moves the node

Snowball Search

Code
#|

fn <- file.path("figures", "snowball_cited_by_count_by_year.html")
# if (file.exists(fn)) {
#     htmltools::includeHTML(fn)
# } else {
IPBES.R::plot_snowball_interactive(
    snowball = snowball,
    key_works = key_works,
    file = fn
)
Code
# }

To open the interactive graph in a standalone window click here.

Supplemented Snowball Search

Code
# fn <- file.path("figures", "snowball_supplemented_cited_by_count.html")
# if (file.exists(fn)) {
#     htmltools::includeHTML(fn)
# } else {
IPBES.R::plot_snowball_interactive(
    snowball = snowball_supplemented,
    key_works = key_works,
    file = fn
)
Code
# }

To open the interactive graph in a standalone window click here.

Identification of references with more than one edge

This is the number of connections (connection_count)of the paper (id)

Code
#|

mult_edge <- flat_snow |>
    select(id, connection_count) |>
    filter(connection_count > 1) |>
    arrange(desc(connection_count))

links <- flat_snow |>
    filter(id %in% mult_edge$id)

links |>
    select(id, display_name, publication_year, doi, connection_count) |>
    arrange(desc(connection_count)) |>
    knitr::kable()
id display_name publication_year doi connection_count
W3198878093 Designing effective and equitable zero-deforestation supply chain policies 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102357 113
W2993436936 Biodiversity means business: Reframing global biodiversity goals for the private sector 2019 https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12690 47
W4391099958 Business Involvements in Promotion of Sustainable Marketing 2024 https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1339-8.ch006 45
W3101051454 Estimating the Role of Seven Commodities in Agriculture-Linked Deforestation: Oil Palm, Soy, Cattle, Wood Fiber, Cocoa, Coffee, and Rubber 2020 https://doi.org/10.46830/writn.na.00001 32
W2094501816 Business and biodiversity: A frame analysis 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.04.005 29
W4324378699 Business and biodiversity: achieving the 2050 vision for biodiversity conservation through transformative business practices 2023 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-023-02575-1 20
W2079492497 Biodiversity loss as material risk: Tracking the changing meanings and materialities of biodiversity conservation 2013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.04.002 2
W2890263737 Classifying drivers of global forest loss 2018 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau3445 2
W2900460206 Corporate reporting and conservation realities: Understanding differences in what businesses say and do regarding biodiversity 2018 https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1839 2
W2921450810 Deforestation displaced: trade in forest-risk commodities and the prospects for a global forest transition 2019 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab0d41 2
W3113465337 Rethinking zero deforestation beyond 2020 to more equitably and effectively conserve tropical forests 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.11.007 2
W3216766475 Addressing indirect sourcing in zero deforestation commodity supply chains 2022 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abn3132 2
W4306708181 Rubber needs to be included in deforestation-free commodity legislation 2022 https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.10.14.510134 2
W4378087483 Exploring the prioritisation of biodiversity amongst small‐ to medium‐sized enterprise leaders with strong bigger‐than‐self value orientation 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3440 2
W4387397656 Is biodiversity disclosure emerging as a key topic on the agenda of institutional investors? 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3587 2

Identification of Concepts

OpenAlex assigns all works concepts. The concepts are in hirarchical order, ranging from 0 to 3. The higher the number, the more specific the concept. The concepts are assigned to the paper (id)

Level 0

Code
#|

level <- 0
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
            x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level]
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()
l0_concept count
Business 216
Biology 204
Economics 185
Political science 146
Geography 129
Computer science 126
Environmental science 66
Sociology 58
Philosophy 52
Engineering 32
Psychology 28
Medicine 24
Mathematics 19
Physics 19
Chemistry 10
History 7
Materials science 3
Art 2
Geology 1

Level 1

Code
#|

level <- 1
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
            x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level]
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()
l1_concept count
Ecology 195
Law 116
Environmental resource management 100
Natural resource economics 78
Finance 75
Marketing 75
Programming language 71
Archaeology 69
Agroforestry 47
Public relations 47
Management 46
Environmental planning 44
Economic growth 37
Macroeconomics 29
Social science 29
Microeconomics 25
Public economics 25
Agricultural economics 24
Epistemology 24
Linguistics 23
Forestry 22
Machine learning 17
Industrial organization 16
Quantum mechanics 16
Accounting 15
Paleontology 14
Artificial intelligence 13
Environmental ethics 13
Knowledge management 13
Social psychology 13
Cartography 12
Environmental economics 12
Environmental protection 12
Market economy 12
Mechanical engineering 12
Operating system 12
Process management 12
Pedagogy 10
Statistics 9
Economic system 8
Remote sensing 8
Computer security 7
International trade 7
Pathology 7
Demography 6
Nursing 6
Pure mathematics 6
Advertising 5
Biochemistry 5
Computer network 5
Management science 5
Physical geography 5
World Wide Web 5
Aerospace engineering 4
Agricultural science 4
Anthropology 4
Data science 4
Development economics 4
Economic geography 4
Economy 4
Evolutionary biology 4
Mathematical analysis 4
Telecommunications 4
Civil engineering 3
Database 3
Environmental health 3
Family medicine 3
Law and economics 3
Neuroscience 3
Organic chemistry 3
Psychiatry 3
Psychoanalysis 3
Public administration 3
Chromatography 2
Commerce 2
Communication 2
Composite material 2
Fishery 2
Geometry 2
Information retrieval 2
Internal medicine 2
International economics 2
Political economy 2
Psychotherapist 2
Radiology 2
Risk analysis (engineering) 2
Actuarial science 1
Aesthetics 1
Agricultural engineering 1
Agronomy 1
Algorithm 1
Ancient history 1
Anesthesia 1
Biotechnology 1
Business administration 1
Chemical engineering 1
Criminology 1
Crystallography 1
Data mining 1
Developmental psychology 1
Econometrics 1
Electrical engineering 1
Endocrinology 1
Engineering management 1
Environmental engineering 1
Food science 1
Forensic engineering 1
Gastroenterology 1
Gender studies 1
Geodesy 1
Geotechnical engineering 1
Gerontology 1
Internet privacy 1
Keynesian economics 1
Mathematical physics 1
Media studies 1
Medical emergency 1
Metallurgy 1
Meteorology 1
Nanotechnology 1
Oceanography 1
Operations management 1
Operations research 1
Optics 1
Pharmacology 1
Physical medicine and rehabilitation 1
Pulp and paper industry 1
Real-time computing 1
Software engineering 1
Surgery 1
Theology 1
Thermodynamics 1
Urology 1
Visual arts 1
Waste management 1

Level 2

Code
#|

level <- 2
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
            x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level]
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()
l2_concept count
Sustainability 92
Biodiversity 68
Deforestation (computer science) 62
Corporate governance 43
Agriculture 41
Ecosystem 41
Politics 36
Context (archaeology) 30
Supply chain 29
Certification 27
Amazon rainforest 24
Production (economics) 23
Sustainable development 23
Land use 22
Commodity 21
Stakeholder 21
Corporate social responsibility 18
Equity (law) 18
Incentive 17
Climate change 15
Palm oil 14
Scale (ratio) 12
Work (physics) 11
Private sector 10
Action (physics) 9
Consumption (sociology) 9
Government (linguistics) 9
Poverty 9
Process (computing) 9
Transparency (behavior) 9
Value (mathematics) 9
Accountability 8
Diversity (politics) 8
Indigenous 8
Payment 8
Population 8
Stakeholder engagement 8
Transformative learning 8
Enforcement 7
Habitat 7
Logging 7
Productivity 7
Clearing 6
Greenhouse gas 6
Leverage (statistics) 6
Reputation 6
Service (business) 6
Structural equation modeling 6
Tropics 6
Forest cover 5
Framing (construction) 5
Organizational culture 5
Additionality 4
Cognitive reframing 4
Content analysis 4
Control (management) 4
Credibility 4
Disease 4
Globalization 4
Legislation 4
Loyalty 4
Marketing strategy 4
MEDLINE 4
Natural resource 4
Pharmacy 4
Rainforest 4
Satellite imagery 4
Set (abstract data type) 4
Strategic planning 4
Typology 4
Agency (philosophy) 3
Baseline (sea) 3
Best practice 3
Business model 3
China 3
CLARITY 3
Competition (biology) 3
Conceptualization 3
Confusion 3
Convention 3
Counterfactual thinking 3
Developing country 3
Discourse analysis 3
Empirical research 3
Environmental degradation 3
Externality 3
Extinction (optical mineralogy) 3
Field (mathematics) 3
Forest management 3
Frontier 3
Function (biology) 3
Health care 3
Indonesian 3
Livestock 3
Marketing management 3
Marketing mix 3
Marketing research 3
Negotiation 3
Palm 3
Perception 3
Pledge 3
Procurement 3
Psychological intervention 3
Qualitative research 3
Revenue 3
Scope (computer science) 3
Social responsibility 3
Terminology 3
Variety (cybernetics) 3
Vegetation (pathology) 3
Action plan 2
Affect (linguistics) 2
Asset (computer security) 2
Brand management 2
Bridging (networking) 2
Business case 2
Business ethics 2
Categorization 2
Citizen journalism 2
Comparative advantage 2
Competitive advantage 2
Compliance (psychology) 2
Conceptual framework 2
Conceptual model 2
Conflation 2
Cost sharing 2
Creativity 2
Customer satisfaction 2
Digital marketing 2
Dimension (graph theory) 2
Distribution (mathematics) 2
Due diligence 2
Economic Justice 2
Empirical evidence 2
European union 2
Frame (networking) 2
Gene 2
German 2
Green marketing 2
Harm 2
Humanity 2
Institutional theory 2
Institutionalisation 2
Intermediary 2
Interoperability 2
IUCN Red List 2
Leakage (economics) 2
Natural (archaeology) 2
Natural rubber 2
Nature Conservation 2
Normative 2
Old-growth forest 2
Operationalization 2
Peat 2
Perspective (graphical) 2
Product (mathematics) 2
Profit (economics) 2
Public health 2
Purchasing 2
Quality (philosophy) 2
Ranking (information retrieval) 2
Realm 2
Reflexivity 2
Resource (disambiguation) 2
Rhetorical question 2
Sample (material) 2
Satellite 2
Scholarship 2
Secondary forest 2
Social equality 2
Social marketing 2
Social media 2
Spatial distribution 2
Special education 2
Spillover effect 2
Tourism 2
Traceability 2
Urbanization 2
Valuation (finance) 2
Weighting 2
Abundance (ecology) 1
Activity-based costing 1
Adaptability 1
Adversary 1
Aerospace 1
African elephant 1
Animal ecology 1
Anthropocene 1
Atrial fibrillation 1
Attraction 1
Audience measurement 1
Automotive industry 1
Battle 1
Beef cattle 1
Biofuel 1
Biosphere 1
Boom 1
Boundary (topology) 1
Brand awareness 1
Brand equity 1
Brand loyalty 1
Business ecosystem 1
Causality (physics) 1
Cellulose 1
Christian ministry 1
Clearance 1
Clothing 1
Collective responsibility 1
Commit 1
Commons 1
Community-based conservation 1
Community engagement 1
Competitor analysis 1
Conservation biology 1
Construct (python library) 1
Consumer behaviour 1
Consumer research 1
Cost–benefit analysis 1
Cost database 1
Cost driver 1
Cost effectiveness 1
Craft 1
Credence 1
Criticism 1
Crop 1
Crystal structure 1
Data set 1
De facto 1
Diabetes mellitus 1
Discontinuation 1
Disengagement theory 1
Distributive property 1
Disturbance (geology) 1
Diversification (marketing strategy) 1
Dividend 1
Documentation 1
Drug prices 1
Earth (classical element) 1
Econometric analysis 1
Economic cost 1
Economic evaluation 1
Economic rent 1
Economies of agglomeration 1
Embeddedness 1
Emerging markets 1
Energy (signal processing) 1
Energy sector 1
Enterprise value 1
Enthusiasm 1
Environmental policy 1
Environmental pollution 1
Environmentally friendly 1
Equal opportunity 1
Essentialism 1
Ethos 1
Ex-ante 1
Extant taxon 1
Face (sociological concept) 1
Fair trade 1
Fire retardant 1
Fishing 1
Flexibility (engineering) 1
Flourishing 1
Focus (optics) 1
Food marketing 1
Footprint 1
Formulary 1
Futures contract 1
General partnership 1
Genetic resources 1
Geographic coordinate system 1
Geospatial analysis 1
Grazing 1
Hierarchy 1
Image (mathematics) 1
Image resolution 1
Impossibility 1
Inclusion (mineral) 1
Index (typography) 1
Inequality 1
Information asymmetry 1
Informatization 1
Innovation diffusion 1
Interdependence 1
Intertextuality 1
Intervention (counseling) 1
Invasive species 1
Key (lock) 1
Latin Americans 1
Latitude 1
Legislature 1
Lexicon 1
License 1
Lifelong learning 1
Limiting 1
Local community 1
Logistic regression 1
Macromarketing 1
Mainstream 1
Mandate 1
Market research 1
Mass media 1
Maturity (psychological) 1
Meaning (existential) 1
Medical prescription 1
Metadata 1
Metaphor 1
Metric (unit) 1
Metropolitan area 1
Mindset 1
Mission statement 1
Monopoly 1
Movement (music) 1
Multidisciplinary approach 1
Multiple-criteria decision analysis 1
Mythology 1
Narrative 1
New product development 1
News media 1
Newspaper 1
Norm (philosophy) 1
Normalization (sociology) 1
Offset (computer science) 1
Omnipresence 1
Opportunity cost 1
Order (exchange) 1
Organizational analysis 1
Path analysis (statistics) 1
Persistence (discontinuity) 1
Personality 1
Persuasion 1
Philosophy of science 1
Plan (archaeology) 1
Policy mix 1
Pollen 1
Polypharmacy 1
Popularity 1
Portfolio 1
Position (finance) 1
Power (physics) 1
Pragmatism 1
Premise 1
Prior authorization 1
Private equity 1
Profitability index 1
Property (philosophy) 1
Property rights 1
Protected area 1
Provisioning 1
Psychological resilience 1
Public good 1
Public policy 1
Public sector 1
Pulpwood 1
Questionnaire 1
Range (aeronautics) 1
Rationality 1
Raw material 1
Reading (process) 1
Reforestation 1
Regression discontinuity design 1
Relativism 1
Relevance (law) 1
Resilience (materials science) 1
Responsible Research and Innovation 1
Restoration ecology 1
Restructuring 1
Retrospective cohort study 1
Rhetoric 1
Safeguarding 1
Scrutiny 1
Shrub 1
Situated 1
Situational ethics 1
Small and medium-sized enterprises 1
Social capital 1
Social innovation 1
Social learning 1
Solipsism 1
Sophistication 1
sort 1
Sowing 1
Space (punctuation) 1
Species richness 1
State (computer science) 1
Status quo 1
Strategic management 1
Strengths and weaknesses 1
Subtropics 1
Sugar 1
Summit 1
Swamp 1
Taiga 1
Textile industry 1
Theme (computing) 1
Tipping point (physics) 1
Tobacco industry 1
Tracking (education) 1
Tragedy (event) 1
Training (meteorology) 1
Transaction cost 1
Unintended consequences 1
Upstream (networking) 1
Viewpoints 1
Vital signs 1
Vocabulary 1
Voluntary disclosure 1
Warrant 1
Wilderness 1
Wildlife 1
Willingness to pay 1
Window of opportunity 1
Woodland 1
Yield (engineering) 1

Level 3

Code
#|

level <- 3
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
            x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level]
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()
l3_concept count
Ecosystem services 33
Biodiversity conservation 20
Convention on Biological Diversity 17
Livelihood 16
Land use, land-use change and forestry 8
Civil society 6
Corporate sustainability 6
Sustainability organizations 6
Biome 5
Originality 5
Social sustainability 5
Certified wood 4
Commodity chain 4
Environmental governance 4
Forest ecology 4
Investment (military) 4
Land degradation 4
Supply chain management 4
Threatened species 4
Carbon stock 3
Conference of the parties 3
Conservation psychology 3
Democracy 3
Global value chain 3
Ideology 3
Infectious disease (medical specialty) 3
Intergenerational equity 3
Legitimacy 3
Service quality 3
Stewardship (theology) 3
Systematic review 3
Theory of planned behavior 3
Carbon footprint 2
Civil discourse 2
Dominance (genetics) 2
Ecological footprint 2
Ecological modernization 2
Elaeis guineensis 2
Environmental Sustainability Index 2
Equity theory 2
Food security 2
Frame analysis 2
Global biodiversity 2
Global governance 2
Global warming 2
Greenwashing 2
Hectare 2
Illegal logging 2
Land cover 2
Mainstreaming 2
Overconsumption 2
Planetary boundaries 2
Return on marketing investment 2
Subsistence agriculture 2
Sustainability reporting 2
Sustainable consumption 2
Triple bottom line 2
Agrarian reform 1
Agrarian society 1
Agricultural biodiversity 1
Agricultural land 1
Agricultural productivity 1
Agroecology 1
Amazonian 1
Bacterial cellulose 1
Bureaucracy 1
Business analysis 1
Business marketing 1
Bust 1
Capitalism 1
Census 1
Climate change mitigation 1
Climate policy 1
Coase theorem 1
Collective action 1
Conservation Plan 1
Contextual image classification 1
Corporate branding 1
Corporate communication 1
Cost leadership 1
Credence good 1
Cropping 1
Deliberation 1
Deprescribing 1
Direct Payments 1
Disinvestment 1
Distributive justice 1
Earth Summit 1
Ecological economics 1
Ecological network 1
Ecosystem management 1
Egalitarianism 1
Emissions trading 1
Endangered species 1
Environmental change 1
Environmental politics 1
Environmentalism 1
Equity capital markets 1
Event study 1
Fatty liver 1
Food web 1
Forest inventory 1
Framing effect 1
Global change 1
Global public good 1
Health promotion 1
Institutional investor 1
Integrated reporting 1
Isomorphism (crystallography) 1
Land management 1
Land reform 1
Life-cycle assessment 1
Longitude 1
Marine biodiversity 1
Marine protected area 1
Market access 1
Michel foucault 1
Monopolistic competition 1
Nanocellulose 1
Natural resource management 1
Net profit 1
New business development 1
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index 1
Odds 1
Opposition (politics) 1
Per capita 1
Pharmacist 1
Pollination 1
Poverty reduction 1
Price premium 1
Private equity fund 1
Promotion (chess) 1
Public discourse 1
Public opinion 1
Rhetorical criticism 1
Service innovation 1
Shareholder 1
Shifting cultivation 1
Socioeconomic status 1
Solidarity 1
Stakeholder theory 1
Strategic financial management 1
Sustainable agriculture 1
Sustainable business 1
Sustainable forest management 1
Tourism geography 1
Tragedy of the commons 1
Tropical rainforest 1
Type 2 diabetes 1
Urban expansion 1
Urban sustainability 1
Utilization management 1
Value chain 1
Vegetation classification 1
Vegetation type 1
Veto 1
Warfarin 1

Level 4

Code
#|

level <- 4
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
            x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level]
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()
l4_concept count
Measurement of biodiversity 14
Payment for ecosystem services 4
Sustainability science 4
Forest degradation 3
Loyalty business model 3
Natural capital 3
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation 3
Carbon leakage 2
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 2
Critical discourse analysis 2
Customer retention 2
Ecosystem health 2
Forest restoration 2
Customer advocacy 1
Deliberative democracy 1
Democratic deficit 1
Democratic legitimacy 1
Food policy 1
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 1
Pollinator 1
Service management 1
Solidarity economy 1
Strategic sourcing 1

Level 5

Code
#|

level <- 5
fn <- file.path(".", "data", paste0("concepts_l", level, ".rds"))
if (!file.exists(fn)) {
    x <- lapply(
        flat_snow[["concepts"]],
        FUN = function(x) {
            x[["display_name"]][x[["level"]] == level]
        }
    ) |>
        unlist() |>
        table() |>
        as.data.frame() |>
        arrange(desc(Freq))
    names(x) <- c(paste0("l", level, "_concept"), "count")
    saveRDS(x, fn)
}

fn |>
    readRDS() |>
    knitr::kable()
l5_concept count
Pandemic 2
Customer delight 1
Customer equity 1
Supply chain risk management 1

Bibliographic

Reuse

Citation

BibTeX citation:
@report{krug,
  author = {Krug, Rainer M. and Nguyen, Tuan},
  title = {Snowball Sampling {BBA} {Chapter} 5},
  date = {},
  doi = {99.99.99999999},
  langid = {en},
  abstract = {A snowball literature using
    {[}OpenAlex{]}(https://openalex.org/) will be conducted and all
    steps documented. The literature search is for Section 5.1 of
    Chapter 5 of the IPBES Business and Biodiversity assessment.}
}
For attribution, please cite this work as:
Krug, Rainer M., and Tuan Nguyen. n.d. “Snowball Sampling BBA Chapter 5.” IPBES Data Management Report. https://doi.org/99.99.99999999.